核电池概述及展望

核电池具有能量密度高、工作稳定可靠、无需人工干预等优点，在需要长期稳定供电的场合具有独特优势，其中热转换式核电池(RTG)是技术最为成熟且应用最早的一类，而β辐射伏特效应核电池已有商业化案例。目前，在β辐射伏特效应核电池研究中存在着放射源自吸收效应浪费能量、转化效率低、换能器件辐射损伤严重等问题，而对于一个实际的核电池，由于放射源自身不断衰变的属性，导致源的成分及其活度随着时间而发生变化，最终影响核电池的电学性能，其影响程度需要加以深入研究。本文以时间轴的形式对核电池的发展进行了全面回顾，简要介绍多种主流类型核电池的原理和应用范围；对于β辐射伏特效应核电池，指出放射源的自吸收是其中的关键科学问题。对于使用63Ni和TiT₂放射源的核电池，给出了其电学性能随时间变化的规律；指出对于某一特定结构的β辐射伏特效应核电池设计，在前期的模拟优化环节中，精细计算是至关重要的；最后提出了将放射源与换能材料相结合、使用含有较重同位素的换能器件的设想，这些设想有利于解决放射源自吸收问题、提高核电池输出功率和减轻辐射损伤的影响。     

On the Development of a Method for Determining the Concentration of Hydrogen in Materials Based on Nuclear Backscattering Spectrometry

Metal hydrides and their alloys are widely used in nuclear power engineering and are regarded as promising hydrogen accumulators. Due to the nature of materials used in reactors, nondestructive methods are required to determine the concentration of hydrogen and its content in hydrides under the influence of a harsh environment. In this paper, a technique based on nuclear backscattering spectrometry is proposed, which allows determination of the hydrogen content in a sample at a depth of up to 100 μm. The profiles of the hydrogen distribution in Al, Mg, Ti, Zr, and their hydrides are measured. Estimation of the radiation damage to the sample is performed using the example of polymer impregnation of the protective coating.     

Generalized Ising Model in the Absence of Magnetic Field

Journal of Experimental and Theoretical Physics - The Ising model on an one-dimensional monoatomic equidistant lattice with different exchange interactions between atomic spins at the sites of...     

Cumulant t-Expansion for Strongly Correlated Electrons on a Lattice

Journal of Experimental and Theoretical Physics - A systematic nonperturbative scheme for calculating the ground state energy is adapted for studying systems of strongly correlated electrons on a...     

Spectral Analysis of Universal Conductance Fluctuations

Journal of Experimental and Theoretical Physics - Universal conductance fluctuations are usually observed in the form of aperiodic oscillations in the magnetoresistance of thin wires under...     

Surface Conductivity of the Ytterbium-Doped Topological Kondo-Insulator SmB6

Doklady Physics - The temperature dependence of the conductivity of the topological Kondo-insulator (TKI) Sm1 – xYbxB6 is investigated in the temperature range 2 < T < 300 K for...     

Multiple Emissions of Splashes upon Drop Impact

Doklady Physics - For the first time, photo and video detection is carried out for all groups of small droplets (splashes) emitted when a drop of $$0.2 < D < 0.5$$ cm in diameter...     

Analytical $$\boldsymbol{\alpha}\boldsymbol{+}\boldsymbol{\alpha}$$ Potential for Energy Range between 6 and 280 MeV

Physics of Atomic Nuclei - In this work we derive analytically a real $$\alpha+\alpha$$ potential using the JLM effective nucleon–nucleon (NN) interaction. The aim is to obtain analytically...     

Investigation of Excitation of $${K}$$ Isomers $${}^{{179m2}}$$ Hf and $${}^{{180m}}$$ Hf in ( $${\gamma,\gamma^{\prime}}$$ ) Reactions

Physics of Atomic Nuclei - The weighted-average cross sections for $${}^{179m2}$$ Hf and $${}^{180m}$$ Hf population in ( $$\gamma,\gamma^{\prime}$$ ) reactions induced by gamma rays of...     

Investigation of Eco-Friendly Gas Mixture for Gas Discharge Particle Detectors

Physics of Atomic Nuclei - The first results of studying the Ar/CO2/HFO1234ze eco-friendly gas mixture for gas discharge detectors are presented. The work is performed using a prototype multiwire...